What Makes One Company Better - 888 Words

A manager today under any company faces many challenges that the market would not have predicted 50 years ago. There are many obstacles that are encountered in the workforce to keep employees motivated. It is important to keep attracting young yet skilled employees. In order to bring workers with high credentials and a driven passion for the job, they have to keep them motivated. What makes one company better than the next one of the same fields? Some examples of motivation could come such as a diverse workplace, keeping them involved and engaged, and having desirable rewards and benefits. With all these in consideration, there is no way that young individuals will not consider your company! Becoming diverse does not just necessarily mean people of color alone, but also comes such as more women entering, and different sexual preferences (lesbian, gay, etc.,). Since the past 40 years, Women went from holding 37 percent of all jobs to 47 percent (Sophia Kerbey and Crosby Burns, Center for American Progress). It is believed that combining workers with different backgrounds can breed a more creative, innovative and productive workforce (Center for American Progress). Having diversity among co-workers can promote respect since it gives the opportunity to understand backgrounds such as work styles and experiences. By bringing in more employees with different backgrounds it can help a business reputation because it is important within an organization when they demonstrateShow MoreRelatedAccounting : Financial And Management Accounting1025 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting is one of the three careers that is being discussed that a business majors are able to embrace in. Accountin g is where employees are keeping up with the company’s records. Accountants take actions on keeping up with the company payroll cost, expenditures, and the sales revenues. They are to also keep track of the company’s losses and profits (Hill â€Å"Accounting† 1-5). When accountants insert all of the information that they are to keep track of, it is important that they insert it correctlyRead MoreWhy to Use Market Economy Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesFirst, a market economy pushes businesses to make cheaper, better quality products so more people will buy the product that is being produced. The more options on the market, the more competitions. This results in higher profit for companies and businesses. When companies have more profit they can expand and make new products. If the company can produce new and better products, than it will bring even more profit in for companies. In a market economy, companies need profit to survive and stay in businessRead MoreR ichard Fosters Book, Innovation: The Attackers Advantage1441 Words   |  6 Pagesto success. 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For example, when talking about a system turn-off make that your examples exhibits how the transaction was complicated, inefficient, or troublesome toRead MoreHow Business Plays A Major Role Within Our Society1237 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol and being a leader of something within that company .Accounting, Human Resource Management, and Management itself are some fields that follows those characteristics and that these undergraduates embrace in. Accounting is one of the three careers that is being discussed that a business majors are able to embrace in. Accounting is where employees are keeping up with the company’s records. Accountants take actions on keeping up with the company payroll cost, expenditures, and the sales revenuesRead MoreHrm 560 Managing Organizational Change1652 Words   |  7 PagesCreating Changes can better help me to implement such changes. In doing so implementation of change and imitative of these procedures to expand the quality of service the company wants to achieve, by recommendations to upper management. 1. Describe the organization in terms of industry, size, and history. The company that I will be reviewing is Frontier Communications. The company is in the telecommunications industry and currently employs approximately 17, 400 people. The company is all United StatedRead MoreThe Management Of Change At The Global Organization World Of Xyz Co1500 Words   |  6 Pageslosing customers then it had to follow a tough analysis and change of its internal managerial process, the overall company goal and culture and finally the operational factor whereas all their outcomes emphasized at that level to succeed. And it was highly recommended to follow an innovation incubator process to race with the future. Detailed Introduction Discussion here is to understand what a big successful firm should apply and do in a well fast developed world to facelift and revamp itself over timeRead MoreDell : A Successful Entrepreneur1445 Words   |  6 Pagesentrepreneur as well as manager in his own company. Not all business owners have been able to successfully manage and operate a company of that size. Through tough decisions and learning experiences, Dell has evolved into one of the best managers of the past 100 years and has taken his company to incredible heights by using his managerial skills. Some businesses have tremendous opportunity to grow, but fail to do so because the people running the company drive it straight into the ground like DellRead MoreNascar Case Study923 Words   |  4 PagesAlmost every company wants success. To have a successful company, we need to know about the decision making process, and how, and when it works. According to the text, â€Å"Decision-making process is a set of eight steps tha t include identifying a problem, selecting an alternative, and evaluating the decision’s effectiveness.† Not only does a manager need to know this term but they also need to know when it should be applicable. In my point of view, NASCAR is a huge, well-known company. They must useRead MorePredictive Analytics At Big Data And Its Potential1349 Words   |  6 Pagestheir life but have no current way of leveraging this data. One of the ways companies are able to leverage all of their big data is through predictive analytics. II. Predictive Analytics Capability: Predictive Analytics are able to help companies make since of their data that have gathered throughout their lifespan. This opens up the door to a lot of potential advantages. Many organizations in the past have based decisions based on what they believe to be true. They have had very little means to

Credit A Tool, Not A Crutch - 857 Words

Credit: a Tool, Not a Crutch Depending on the number, a credit score can be a powerful tool or a crushing burden on your shoulders. Unless you are independently wealthy you will need credit at some point in your life. Seldom do people realize how important credit is until they try to make a major purchase; for instance, a car or their first home. I made some smart and some foolish decisions regarding my credit over the years, and yet each was a learning experience that proved invaluable to my financial literacy. I had just begun my first full-time job and needed a dependable car since my old one was completely wrecked in an accident. Excited, I hurried to the nearest dealership and began to look around. It didn t take me long at all to fall in love with a nearly brand new 1997 Grand Am. The clinching factor was that it was the color purple, which was my favorite. I was ready to drive off in it right then; however, there was one major problem. I didn t have the cash to purchase this i deal, practically brand new car. Moreover, I didn t have any credit history yet. Disappointed, I returned home to consider my options on whom I could ask to be a co-signer. My grandparents explained quite vividly that co-signing was nothing to take lightly. It meant that if I didn t make the payments that the bank could force them to pay or it would ruin their credit as well. They had done so much for me already I knew I couldn t let that happen. My grandfather eventually agreed to be myShow MoreRelatedKyoto Protocol And Its Effect On Climate Change Essay930 Words   |  4 Pagesimportance of lowering the amount of CO2 being released into our atmosphere. 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The credit crisis occurred when large financial institutions were on the verge of collapsing due to the risky loans issued to United States residents. In order to stabilize the economy, the United States government developedRead MoreKyoto Protocol And Its Effect On Climate Change1814 Words   |  8 Pagesimportance of lowering the amount of CO2 being released into our atmosphere. Looking back to that decision made eighteen years ago, I do not believe that the concept of carbon trading should have been introduced in lieu of a carbon tax as it is now a crutch used by corporations, both big and small, to either improve the profitability of their company by selling their unused carbon permits or to lawfully exceed the carbon limits by purchasing and using carbon permits as a free pass for excessive pollutionRead MoreThe Rise Of A Middle Class Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesignorance to avoid the signs of infidelity from his wife. He receives forty percent of the blame. 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Inustrialized Food Production Free Essays

Industrialized Food Production: A Dangerous Path When visiting the grocery store, shoppers are bombarded with pleasant photos of farmers in their fields. This idyllic agricultural way of life may have existed in the past, but today’s farms are much different. In our modern era, a revolution has taken place and food production has changed dramatically. We will write a custom essay sample on Inustrialized Food Production or any similar topic only for you Order Now The industrialized method of food production has created a dangerous and unsustainable system. Choosing locally sourced foods is beneficial to the planet, health, and local economies. The 100 mile diet has brought attention to this important subject and made people aware of the impact of food choices. Humans began farming over 9000 years ago, and many technological advancements have occurred since that time (Mintz, Du Bois, 101). Most significantly in the modern era, the green revolution changed the way food was grown. The green revolution allowed for intensification of food resources, intended to alleviate world hunger (Bourlag). Lead by Norman Bourlag, hybrid variations of wheat were bred to produce higher yields and be two to three times more resistant to disease. Success was achieved, but has created more issues. From 1950 to 1999 production on the same size acreage increased 170%, producing 1. 9 billion tonnes of grain (Bourlag). However, copious amounts of fertilizers need to be added to the soil to support this production; this leads to more chemical run-off and contamination of water sources. Another major problem is that the hybrid seeds lead to development of genetically engineered seeds. These grains are patented by large corporations, causing costs to rise and taking control away from farmers. The local farmer no longer has control over how they grow crops or run their farm. Large companies like Monsanto hold all the power. The genetically modified seeds that are needed for the high yields are patented, and farmers are forced to purchase new seeds each year (Food Inc. ). For centuries, farmers have been able to save seeds from their crops for planting the following year. With the introduction of patents, farmers now face massive lawsuits if they try to reuse seeds. Even though many farmers do not want to use the modified seeds, it is nearly impossible because of cross contamination. Mark Anslow provides an example of one Canadian farmer: Percy Schmeiser. He found that sixty percent of his crop had been contaminated by Monsanto engineered seeds carried onto his land by the wind (12). Even though Schmeiser did not plant or want the seeds, he still faced intimidation and lawsuits from the giant biotechnology company (Anslow, 13). The power held by these agribusiness giants controls what farmers can do. The control held by corporations is not limited to grains and seeds, it extends into poultry and livestock. The high demand for meat created by the multitudes of fast food restaurants has completely changed the way animals are raised. Factory farming techniques produce plump animals from small areas. About 10 billion animals are raised and killed for food every year in the United States, many of these inhumanely (â€Å"Humane Eating : The Humane Society of the United States. â€Å"). Laying hens are kept in cages so small they cannot even move. In addition, animals have been bred for meat production, leading to chickens with breasts so heavy they can barely walk; chickens often die from their own weight (_Food Inc_. ). Cattle are raised in small pens with no area to graze. Instead, they are fattened up with corn (Nierenberg, 22). These feedlots are seas of manure and disease. Farmers are pressured by that large companies they hold contracts with to have the latest technologies. This means taking on massive debt that forces farmers to continue producing for that company, even if they do not agree with the practices. For example, poultry producers working for Tyson, one of the largest companies, have been forced to â€Å"upgrade† chicken houses to be large sheds with no natural light, with thousands of chickens packed inside (_Food Inc_. ). As with grain producers, livestock producers are caught in a debt cycle by powerful corporations. Major health issues are caused by industrialized food production. The close quarters and filthy conditions where the animals are raised are perfect conditions for the spread of disease. Animals raised intensively arrive at slaughterhouses covered in feces, which raises the risk of contamination during the processing (Nierenberg, 22). As well, a variety of antibiotics are used to as feed additives to prevent disease and encourage growth in livestock and poultry, which are then ingested by humans, increasing antibiotic resistance worldwide (Sayre, 78). The crowded, stressful conditions of intensive farming, combined with ammonia released from waste and lack of sunlight facilitate the spread of disease among animals and to humans. As well, the manure from these animals is contaminated with the antibiotics; if a manure lagoon bursts or seeps into the water supply, anyone using the water to drink or bathe can be infected (Sayre, 77). One way to reduce these issues is to eat less meat, reducing demand and the need for intensive factory farm operations (Pollan, 33). Another solution is to choose locally raised meat. This allows consumers to get to know the farmers and practices used to raise the livestock. In addition, it is more likely that the meat has been processed in a smaller slaughterhouse, reducing chances for cross contamination from many sources. Local food increases the amount of information available to consumers and provides food security. Factory farming not only harms the animals and the farmers, it has huge environmental impacts. The production of livestock and dairy actually contributes more greenhouse gases to the environment than vehicles (â€Å"From Field To Feedlot To Fork. â€Å"). Globally, 18% of greenhouse gas emissions are created from feedlot to dinner table. Animal production creates emissions at every stage. Fossil fuel is required to run equipment, grow crops, transport animals, and distribute products. The production of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides alone require the equivalent use of over 123 million barrels of oil (â€Å"From Field To Feedlot To Fork. â€Å"). Factory farming centralizes production areas, meaning that in order to slaughter and distribute the meat, long distance transportation is required. Aside from the fossil fuel use, greenhouse gases are created by the animals themselves. Grazing animals, like cattle, release methane. While this is natural, the huge amounts of livestock being produced are massive contributors to global warming. As well, the manure produced by these animals exceeds amounts that can be used as fertilizer for fields. The excess amounts are stored in ponds and lagoons, where more gases are released as it decomposes (Nierenberg, 23). By choosing to eat local, consumers negate the creation of much of the pollution. The most obvious reduction is in transportation emissions. On average, a meal travels 2414 km from farm to table. This is over a 25% increase from 1980 (Roosevelt, 78). Shopping at a local farmers market or farm stand reduces the distance considerably. A study in Iowa found that a regional diet consumed 17 times less oil and gas than a typical diet based on food shipped across the country and around the world (Smith, Mackinnon, 65). Another way local eating reduces environmental impacts is though more sustainable practices. Local farms are usually operated on a smaller scale; livestock can graze on grass, and the manure produced fertilizers the field. Another benefit of small farms if the diversity they provide. Agribusiness operations focus on monoculture. One crop is grown over hundreds or thousands of hectares. A small farm features more diversity, attracting and providing habitat for a range of wildlife (Pollan, 62). As well, smaller farms require far less chemical additives like pesticides and fertilizer, both produced with fossil fuels. Recently, the 100 mile diet has brought attention to choices consumers can make and why local choices are important. A couple in Vancouver undertook a year long challenge to only eat food that was grown or produced within a one hundred mile radius of their home (Smith, Mackinnon). At first, this seems like an overwhelming task, but is actually achievable. Some luxury items, like coffee and chocolate, must be given up, but most essential items are available. While it may not be possible for everyone to follow the 100 mile diet completely, choosing local products as often as possible has many benefits. As well as reducing transportation costs and emissions as mentioned earlier, purchasing food from local farmers helps the local economy. The income stays in your local area instead of being absorbed by a multinational corporation. A British study found that money spent at a local farmers market had twice the economic value for the area than money spent at a supermarket chain (Smith, Mackinnon, 112). The reduced transportation time also has health benefits. Produce is not picked until it is ripe, and often sold the same day, so the nutrients are not degraded when it reaches the dinner table. Food production has undergone many changes since the rise of agriculture thousands of years ago. The rise of factory farming practices has brought many negative changes to food. Rates of pollution and disease have risen dramatically, and conditions for animals and farmers are very poor. The recent popularity of the 100 mile diet has brought raised public awareness about food choices. By choosing locally produced food consumers get a more nutritious product, reduce environmental impacts, and support local economies. Works Cited Anslow, Mark. â€Å"Farmer warns: ‘GM will destroy organic industry’. † The Ecologist 38. 10 (2009): 12-13. General Science Index. Web. 30 Nov. 2009. Bourlag, Norman. â€Å"Biotechnology and the Green Revolution (ActionBioscience). † ActionBioscience – promoting bioscience literacy. Nov. 2002. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. http://www. actionbioscience. org/biotech/borlaug. html. Food Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Alliance, 2009. DVD. â€Å"From Field To Feedlot To Fork. † Cool Foods Campaign. 2009. Web. 04 Dec. 2009. http://coolfoodscampaign. org/your-tools/global-warming-and-your-food/from-field-to-feedlot-to-f ork/. â€Å"Humane Eating : The Humane Society of the United States. † The Humane Society of the United States. 2009. Web. 04 Dec. 2009. http://www. humanesociety. org/issues/eating/. Mintz, Sidney W. , and Christine M. Du Bois. â€Å"The Anthropology of Food and Eating. † Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (2002): 99-119. Print. Nierenberg, Danielle. The Commercialization of Farming: Producing Meat for a Hungry World. † USA Today (Periodical) 132 (2004): 22-4. Readers’ Guide Abstracts. Web. 1 Dec. 2009. Pollan, Michael. In Defense of Food. New York: Penguin Paperbacks, 2009. Print. Roosevelt, Margot â€Å"The Lure of the 100-Mile Diet. † Time 167. 24 (2006): 78. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. Sayre, Laura. â€Å"The Hidden Link Between Factory Farms and Human Illness. † The Mother Earth News Feb. /Mar. 2009: 76-83. Readers’ Guide Abstracts. Web. 1 Dec. 2009. Smith, Alisa, and J. B. Mackinnon. The 100-Mile Diet A Year of Local Eating. New York: Vintage Canada, 2007. Print. How to cite Inustrialized Food Production, Essays

African Elephant Essay Example For Students

African Elephant Essay The common name is the African Elephant, the scientific name is LoxodontaAfricana, the phylum is Vertebrata, the class is Mammalia, the order is Proboscidea,and the family is Elephantidae. The Closest Relatives to the African Elephant are: theAsian Elephant, mammoths, primitive proboscidean (mastodons), sea cows, andhyraxes. Scientists believe that the African Elephant evolved from one of its closestrelatives, the Sea Cow. The geographical location and range of the African elephant covers all ofcentral and southern Africa. In Ethiopia there are isolated populations that existaround Lake Chad in Mali and Mauritania. Also in Kenya, Rhodesia, Tanzania,Zambia, Uganda, Zaire, and in National parks located in South Africa, as well asseveral other countries. African Elephants, originally, were found in all of theSub-Saharan African habitats except desert steppes. Elephants still occupy diversehabitats such as: temperate grassland, tropical savanna and grass lands, temperateforest and rainfo rest, tropical rainforest, tropical scrub forest, and tropical deciduousforest despite their drastic decline in numbers. However, their migratory patterns andhabitat use have changed, due to the fact that they are restricted to protected areas. The elephant can exist in many types of environments but it prefers places that havemany trees and bushes, which the elephant needs both for food and shade. They alsolike warm areas that have plenty of rainfall. This ensures plenty of food, shade, andwater. The elephant prefers a habitat of mixed woodland and grassland which givesthem an opportunity to eat a variety of vegetation. African Elephants are considered herbivores, they are both browsers andgrazers; they will eat rough sticks, stems and leaves of plants as well as grasses,sedges, and fruit. Their favorites are mangoes, berries and coconuts. An elephant eatsup to 500 pounds of vegetation every day and drinks up to 50 gallons of water daily. Elephants must consume these giant quantiti es of food, due to their poor digestivesystem. The small intestine is 82 feet long, the large intestine 21 feet long, and therectum adds a further 13 feet. The problem with the digestive tract lies in their gut;elephants have too few symbiotic bacteria. These are the organisms which help breakdown the cellulose of plant cell walls by producing enzymes called cellulases. Themost remarkable feature of the elephants digestive system is its 5 feet long appendix,bigger than the stomach. Proteins, starches, and sugars are digested in the appendix. The elephant will excrete almost 200 pounds a day of semi-digested food. Elephants live together in strong family units which might have as few as two oras many as twenty members. When the group gets too big, it splits up; but the groupsstay in close contact. Elephant life revolves around this unit which is usually headedby the oldest female. The family offers protection, aid, comfort, and teaching to all ofits members. Within the units are cows , calves, and bulls. The male bulls are verysolitary and most of the time travel only with other males, except during mating seasonwhen the bulls travel with the pack looking for a mate. The males remain with thefamily unit until they are about fourteen and then leave the family to join the othermales. The African elephant usually gives birth to one calf every four years. Thegestation period is approximately twenty to twenty two years. The newborn calf,which weighs 200-300 pounds and stands about three feet high, is cared for by all ofthe females in the pack, not just by the mother. The calf may nurse as long as eightyears, or until its tusks are too long for the mother. It takes about 14 to 15 years for anelephant to fully mature. They grow to about 10-13 feet tall and 7.5 meters in lengthand weigh as much as 7 tons. The family will remain together throughout their lives. The elephants body has many special features which it has adapted throughoutthe centuries to help it survive in its environment. The most important part of theelephants body is its trunk. An elephant uses its trunk for many things. With it, theelephant can pick up objects that weigh as much as 600 lbs. This powerful trunk isalso used to beat off attacking animals and sometimes mother elephants use theirtrunks to swat their babies. The trunk, which is very flexible, can curl over theelephants head so that the elephant can give itself showers and dust baths. The trunkalso curls towards the elephants mouth so it can eat and drink. At the end of the trunkthe elephant has finger-like projections similar to the human thumb and forefinger. With this the elephant can pick up small objects. Baby elephants often suck theirtrunks just like human babies suck their thumbs. The nostrils at the tip of the trunk arehighly sensitive, an elephant can detect a water source from as far as 12 miles away,and detect the reproductive status of another elephant from some distance. America Under Invasion EssayBibliographyGaeth, A.P. The Developing Renal, Reproductive, and Respiratory systems of the African Elephant Suggest an Aquatic Ancestry. Proceeding of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America Volume 96, No 10. May 11, 1999 pg. 5555-5558This primary source gave us information on the ancestry of the African Elephant,such as their closest relatives. It also told us the endangered status of the animal. Groning, Karl., and Martin Saller. Elephants A Cultural and Natural HistoryKONEMANN 1999. This source gave us information on all aspects of the elephants physicalcomposition, specifically the digestive system, and homeostatic mechanisms. Hoare, Richard E., and Johan T. Du Toit. Coexistence between People and Elephants in African Savannas Conservation Biology Volume 13, No 3. June 1999 pg. 633-639 This primary source gave us details on elephant population in regards to humansettlement. Moore, Tara. The Endangered Species Elephants. pp. 15-20, 27-32. Champaign, IL: Garrad Publishing Company 1982. This source delt with some of the basic facts about the elephant, such as their diet andgeographical location and range. Norton, Boyd. The African Elephant: Last Days of Eden. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, 1991. This source gave us information on population figures, poaching, natural disasters,and birth control methods. Overbeck, Cynthia. Elephants. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 1983This source gave us information on the family groups of elephants, and on theirmethods of communication, and also detail about their tusks, and trunks as defensivemechanisms.

Two-Factor Theory of Motivation free essay sample

Introduction: The two-factor theory (also known as Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory and dual-factor theory) states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. It was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg, who theorized that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act independently of each other. According to Herzberg, intrinsic motivators such as challenging work, recognition, and responsibility produce employee satisfaction, while extrinsic hygiene factors, including status, job security, salary, and fringe benefits – if absent – produce dissatisfaction. Herzbergs theory appears to parallel Maslows needs hierarchy. Individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory, including factors that cause dissatisfaction as well, such as company policies, supervision, technical problems, salary, interpersonal relations on the job, and working conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Two-Factor Theory of Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This two-factor model of motivation is based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction, while another and separate set of job characteristics lead to dissatisfaction. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. 2. Two-factor theory fundamentals: 2. 1 Research by Herzberg: Attitudes and their connection with industrial mental health are related to Abraham Maslows theory of motivation. His findings have had a considerable theoretical, as well as a practical, influence on attitudes toward administration. According to Herzberg, individuals are not content with the satisfaction of lower-order needs at work; for example, those needs associated with minimum salary levels or safe and pleasant working conditions. Rather, individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. This appears to parallel Maslows theory of a need hierarchy. However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory by proposing a two-factor model of motivation, based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics leads to dissatisfaction at work. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. This theory suggests that to improve job attitudes and productivity, administrators must recognize and attend to both sets of characteristics and not assume that an increase in satisfaction leads to decrease in unpleasable dissatisfaction. The two-factor theory developed from data collected by Herzberg from interviews with 203 engineers and accountants in the Pittsburgh area, chosen because of their professions growing importance in the business world. Regarding the collection process: â€Å" Briefly, we asked our respondents to describe periods in their lives when they were exceedingly happy and unhappy with their jobs. Each respondent gave as many sequences of events as he could that met certain criteria—including a marked change in feeling, a beginning and an end, and contained some substantive description other than feelings and interpretations The proposed hypothesis appears verified. The factors on the right that led to satisfaction (achievement, intrinsic interest in the work, responsibility, and advancement) are mostly unipolar; that is, they contribute very little to job dissatisfaction. Conversely, the dis-satisfiers (company policy and administrative practices, supervision, interpersonal relationships, working conditions, and salary) contribute very little to job satisfaction. † —Herzberg, 1964 2. 2 Analysis by Herzberg: From analysing these interviews, he found that job characteristics related to what an individual does — that is, to the nature of the work one performs — apparently have the capacity to gratify such needs as achievement, competency, status, personal worth, and self-realization, thus making him happy and satisfied. However, the absence of such gratifying job characteristics does not appear to lead to unhappiness and dissatisfaction. Instead, dissatisfaction results from unfavourable assessments of such job-related factors as company policies, supervision, technical problems, salary, interpersonal relations on the job, and working conditions. Thus, if management wishes to increase satisfaction on the job, it should be concerned with the nature of the work itself — the opportunities it presents for gaining status, assuming responsibility, and for achieving self-realization. If, on the other hand, management wishes to reduce dissatisfaction, then it must focus on the job environment — policies, procedures, supervision, and working conditions. [ If management is equally concerned with both, then managers must give attention to both sets of job factors. Two-factor theory distinguishes between: Motivator Factors Motivator factors are based on an individuals need for personal growth. When they exist, motivator factors actively create job satisfaction. If they are effective, then they can motivate an individual to achieve above-average performance and effort. Motivator factors include: Status Opportunity for advancement Gaining recognition Responsibility Challenging / stimulating work Sense of personal achievement personal growth in a job Hygiene Factors Hygiene factors are based on the need to for a business to avoid unpleasantness at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work. Hygiene factors include: Company policy and administration Wages, salaries and other financial remuneration Quality of supervision Quality of inter-personal relations Working conditions Feelings of job security Essentially, hygiene factors are needed to ensure an employee is not dissatisfied. Motivation factors are needed to motivate an employee to higher performance. Herzberg also further classified our actions and how and why we do them, for example, if you perform a work related action because you have to then that is classed as movement, but if you perform a work related action because you want to then that is classed as motivation. Unlike Maslow, who offered little data to support his ideas, Herzberg and others have presented considerable empirical evidence to confirm the motivation-hygiene theory, although their work has been criticized on methodological grounds. 3. Workarounds: Herzbergs theory concentrates on the importance of internal job factors as motivating forces for employees. He designed it to increase job enrichment for employees. Herzberg wanted to create the opportunity for employees to take part in planning, performing, and evaluating their work. According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, if you set about eliminating dissatisfying job factors you may create peace, but not necessarily enhance performance. This placates your workforce instead of actually motivating them to improve performance. The characteristics associated with job dissatisfaction are called hygiene factors. When these have been adequately addressed, people will not be dissatisfied nor will they be satisfied. If you want to motivate your team, you then have to focus on satisfaction factors like achievement, recognition, and responsibility. To apply Herzbergs theory, you need to adopt a two stage process to motivate people. Firstly, you need eliminate the dissatisfactions theyre experiencing and, secondly, you need to help them find satisfaction. 3. 1 Step One: Eliminate Job Dissatisfaction: Herzberg called the causes of dissatisfaction hygiene factors. To get rid of them, you need to: Fix poor and obstructive company policies. Provide effective, supportive and non-intrusive supervision. Create and support a culture of respect and dignity for all team members. Ensure that wages are competitive. Build job status by providing meaningful work for all positions. Provide job security. All of these actions help you eliminate job dissatisfaction in your organization. And theres no point trying to motivate people until these issues are out of the way! You cant stop there, though. Remember, just because someone is not dissatisfied, it doesnt mean he or she is satisfied either! Now you have to turn your attention to building job satisfaction. 3. 2 Step Two: Create Conditions for Job Satisfaction: To create satisfaction, Herzberg says you need to address the motivating factors associated with work. He called this job enrichment. His premise was that every job should be examined to determine how it could be made better and more satisfying to the person doing the work. Things to consider include: Providing opportunities for achievement. Recognizing workers contributions. Creating work that is rewarding and that matches the skills and abilities of the worker. Giving as much responsibility to each team member as possible. Providing opportunities to advance in the company through internal promotions. Offering training and development opportunities, so that people can pursue the positions they want within the company. 4. Validity and criticisms: In 1968 Herzberg stated that his two-factor theory study had already been replicated 16 times in a wide variety of populations including some in Communist countries, and corroborated with studies using different procedures that agreed with his original findings regarding intrinsic employee motivation making it one of the most widely replicated studies on job attitudes. While the Motivator-Hygiene concept is still well regarded, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are generally no longer considered to exist on separate scales. The separation of satisfaction and dissatisfaction has been shown to be an artefact of the Critical Incident Technique (CIT) used by Herzberg to record events. Furthermore, it has been noted the theory does not allow for individual differences, such as particular personality traits, which would affect individuals unique responses to motivating or hygiene factors. A number of behavioural scientists have pointed to inadequacies in the need hierarchy and motivation-hygiene theories. The most basic is the criticism that both of these theories contain the relatively explicit assumption that happy and satisfied workers produce more, even though this might not be the case. For example, if playing a better game of golf is the means chosen to satisfy ones need for recognition, then one will find ways to play and think about golf more often, perhaps resulting in an accompanying lower output on the job. Another problem is that these and other statistical theories are concerned with explaining average behaviour, despite considerable differences between individuals that may impact ones motivational factors. For instance, in their pursuit of status a person might take a balanced view and strive to pursue several behavioural paths in an effort to achieve a combination of personal status objectives. In other words, an individuals expectation or estimated probability that a given behaviour will bring a valued outcome determines their choice of means and the effort they will devote to these means. In effect, this diagram of expectancy depicts an employee asking themselves the question posed by one investigator, How much payoff is there for me toward attaining a personal goal while expending so much effort toward the achievement of an assigned organizational objective? The expectancy theory by Victor Vroom also provides a framework for motivation based on expectations. This approach to the study and understanding of motivation would appear to have certain conceptual advantages over other theories: First, unlike Maslows and Herzbergs theories, it is capable of handling individual differences. Second, its focus is toward the present and the future, in contrast to drive theory, which emphasizes past learning. Third, it specifically correlates behaviour to a goal and thus eliminates the problem of assumed relationships, such as between motivation and performance. Fourth, it relates motivation to ability: Performance = Motivation Ability. That said, a study by the Gallup Organization, as detailed in the book First, Break All the Rules: What the Worlds Greatest Managers Do by Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman, appears to provide strong support for Herzbergs division of satisfaction and dissatisfaction into two separate scales. In this book, the authors discuss how the study identified twelve questions that provide a framework for determining high-performing individuals and organizations. These twelve questions align squarely with Herzbergs motivation factors, while hygiene factors were determined to have little effect on motivating high performance. 5. Conclusion: The relationship between motivation and job satisfaction is not overly complex. The problem is that many employers look at the hygiene factors as ways to motivate when in fact, beyond the very short term, they do very little to motivate. Perhaps managers like to use this approach because they think people are more financially motivated than, perhaps, they are, or perhaps it just takes less management effort to raise wages than it does to revaluate company policy, and redesign jobs for maximum satisfaction. While motivating people, firstly it’s needed to get rid of the things that are annoying them about the company and the workplace. Making it sure that theyre treated fairly, and with respect. Once this is done, it’s needed to look for the ways in which people can be helped to grow within their jobs, giving them opportunities for achievement, and praising that achievement wherever it’s found.

How To Choose An Essay Topic

How To Choose An Essay TopicWhen starting a new writing project or editing an essay, it's best to take a short list of essay topics that you are interested in covering. You can either write the topic on your own or get assistance from a student writing service. This article will help you figure out which topics you should put in your essay.Depending on your audience, there are a variety of topics to write about. Perhaps you will be writing a short essay for a class, and the subject matter may focus on different aspects of your academic education. Maybe you are writing an essay for a leadership training course, or for a publication that features top business executives. These are all great topics for your essay, and they can also offer insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the person writing them.The topic of your essay can go as deep as you would like, but you don't want to force your topic onto the reader. If you just set the paper down and walk away from the keyboard, the ch ances of your topic feeling forced are high. As long as the topic is interesting, you will come up with good ideas that will support your essay.Once you have decided on a topic, you should read through the chosen topics list to make sure you have enough to write about. There is no need to start off with a large topic, but if you are writing a personal essay or are editing an essay, you may want to just move your topic around a bit to cover more ground. There is no right or wrong way to approach this. Just make sure that you have enough information in the topic to support your essay.Consider how much information you want to cover in your personal essay or business essay. Will you just want to cover your academic accomplishments? Or do you want to include some funny side notes about your experiences? This is where the topic of your essay can really help you with the content. Just choose a topic that you are interested in covering.Next, write about how you came to have that topic, and also how you came to write about it. You can use this to support any arguments you make in your essay. After you have decided on a topic, you can now determine what kind of resource or essay assistance you will need to help you with your writing. For example, you might have seen an essay assistance company on TV, or you could see a personal writer on the internet.Before you begin, get in touch with the topic you have chosen. Ask to talk with the writer who wrote the essay you want to write, and see if you can chat about it. Sometimes they will have many topics they offer to do, but you will probably only want to choose one. In this case, your main concern is to choose a topic that is interesting.

Modern American vs. Japanese Animation essays

Modern American vs. Japanese Animation essays Modern American and Japanese animation, both have their beauty and distinct features. The American style however has a much crisper and nicer quality to it. Japanese style, or Anime, has a much more sharp and quick quality. The plots of American and Japanese animation also differ from each other. Modern American animation has this nicer, cleaner quality because of the time spent on it and a high budget. This has all been made possible because of one name in particular, Walt Disney. When Walt Disney came on to the animation scene he brought magic to the television and to the silver screen. There are plenty of other names that had an extraordinary effect on the American style of animation, but Disney put the final touches on it. It could be said that he is responsible in making cartoons as popular as it is now. When his first motion picture Snow White and the Seven Dwarves premiered in 1937, the history of animation was changed forever. This movie set the standards for the American style of animation. Snow White and the Seven Dwarves appeared as a cartoon, but gave off a very life-like, natural feel to it. Though one would never a dwarf walking around, Snow White was a very humanly proportioned, and looking character. Disney created very clean, colorful, and lively c haracters that distinguish American style of animation from that of Anime. The strokes of the pen, or lines, that American animations use, are smooth, curvaceous and careful. It gives the images a sense of consistent fluidity. These fluid lines give the characters a more natural, organic feel and look to them. This also allows for a wide range of facial expressions, expressions to those of humans. With smooth curved lines, animators can show happy, sad, angry, surprised, and scared expressions. The results and solutions are endless. American animators have to pay specific attention to detail and make sure they dont leave the slightest thing out. ...