Rivalry Between Beijing vs. Shanghai

How can the Nurses collaborate to prevent and manage Pressure ulcers Research Paper

In what manner can the Nurses team up to forestall and oversee Pressure ulcers (bed Sore) - Research Paper Example The board concocted proposal on preventive methodologies, for example, tolerant instruction, clinician preparing, advancement of correspondence and wording materials, usage of toolboxs and conventions. Conduct viewpoints like adherence of the medicinal services supplier just as the patient were additionally given proposals. The shared exertion of the scholarly American medicinal services experts who have the assets and assurance has changed the approaching test of the CMS strategy to an open door for the improvement of the clinic framework and its patients. The Pressure Ulcer Collaborative undertaking, composed by the New Jersey Hospital Association (NJHA), was conceptualized dependent on the negative impacts of weight ulcers, for example, torment and distortion on patients, the weight of care to the medicinal services industry, and the state and government announcing necessities †the U.S. Wellbeing and Human Services specifically requires a half decrease in pressure ulcers among nursing home occupants by 2010. A near strategy to investigate information dependent on the rules created by the NJHA Quality Institute Department and the Department of Continuing Care Services was utilized by the 150 association who took part in the undertaking. Following a year time frame (October 2005 to October 2006), the occurrence and commonness of weight ulcers among the taking part associations indicated a 30% decline. By May 2007, the finish of the second year of the Pressure Ulcer Collaborative venture, a 70% decline was accomplished. The skin evaluation, Braden appraisal, and recurrence of skin appraisal prerequisites to meet the rule measures were not adequate at the beginning, accordingly the undertaking was turned out in all associations who partook by April 2006 in particular. The undertaking had the option to give the medicinal services staff a progressively nitty gritty and far reaching center around quiet consideration improvement, access to rules and conventions, and promise to consistency and normalization in

Mccarthyism, Miller, and the Crucible free essay sample

Sensible uncertainty was such was important to blame and now and again convict somebody for UN-American exercises in the late 1 asss, early sasss. This timeframe was known for McCarthy-?a period of outrageous anticommunism, lead by Senator Joseph (McCarthy). The United States vowed to contain the spread of socialism universally, just as locally, and did what it could to keep this guarantee. Americans started to expect that socialism was spilling into the media, government, expressions, schools, and different territories. This was known as the Red Scare (Brinkley).One essayist that pre-owned his time as a reason for his play, The Crucible, was Arthur Miller. He had the option to catch the frenzy and minor madness of numerous Americans in a symbolic manner. The campaign against disruption assumed a huge job in the accompanying: the activities and strategies of McCarthy, the reasons why Miller and different craftsmen were focuses Of McCarthy, and the relationship Of his play The Crucible to the occasions of the late sasss to the mid 1 backtalk (Brinkley). We will compose a custom paper test on Mccarthyism, Miller, and the Crucible or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Representative Joseph McCarthy utilized numerous strategies to convince Americans to restrict socialism and prosecute the individuals who upheld it.Communism had point shape, and Americans were concerned that individuals in the U. S. Would begin inclining to the extreme left like a few different nations, for example, the USSR and China (Checkers). So as to forestall this, the Congressional House UN-American Activities Committee (HUGH) was established. The Committees reason for existing was to examine those associations and people it regarded UN-American. They originally headed out to Hollywood on the grounds that the film business was viewed as defiled. Ten people, called the Hollywood Ten, were approached to affirm against other Holly. DOD inhabitants who were faulty unionists. A portion of the Hollywood Ten would not respond to the Yuccas questions so they were accused of disdain and sent to jail (HUGH). The Federal Loyalty Program was additionally settled right now so as to scrutinize the reliability of government representatives. Many were addressed and terminated with the thinking that they were viewed as a danger to their bosses. State and neighborhood governments needed to free themselves of a wide range of subversives (Checkers). On February 9, 1950 in Wheeling, West Virginia, the campaign against disruption took a huge radical turn.Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy gave a discourse, and in it he expressed, l have here in my grasp a rundown of 200 and five [people] that were referred to the Secretary of State as being individuals from the Communist Party and who by the by are as yet working and molding the strategy of the State Department(Enemies). This was an exceptionally intense move by McCarthy since he was out and out blaming more than 200 for his kindred colleagues of socialist action. Throughout the following not many years, McCarthy turned out to be very notable for his striking strategies to uncover asserted communists.Most Americans ere too reluctant to even consider standing up to him, including President Dwight D. Eisenhower (McCarthy). In the long run, be that as it may, individuals who were being influenced by McCarthy started scrutinizing his brutal strategies and his destinations concerning socialism. McCarthy influenced individuals all things considered, ethnicities, and callings. The American individuals were unnerved of socialism, yet the Truman organization did nothing to control these feelings of trepidation. Individuals lost their positions, not just as a result of substantial examination by the HUGH, yet additionally in light of the fact that private managers felt committed to follow the Hijacks warnings.The Hollywood Ten as not by any means the only gathering of individuals that were addressed in Hollywood; they were only the ones who would not affirm in court. Nine others, in any case, consented to help out the (HUGH). Numerous craftsmen, both in writing and in the motion pictures, joined McCarthy in their work. Arthur Miller was one of these people. During this time, Miller composed his play, The Crucible. Pundits enjoyed it, yet they were hesitant to let it out because of the dubious plot (Miller). As a result of this dubious plot, Miller was approached to show up in court, under the conviction that he would not be approached to name names.However, he was solicited to uncover names from individual associates and companions. Since he would not uncover any data, he was seen as liable of hatred and was given a fine and a sentence of 30 days in jail (after a year, this decision was upset). In any case, his acclaimed work, The Crucible, was a unique bit of inventive knowledge dependent on the House Un-American Activities Committees activities over supposed socialism in Hollywood resembling subjects to the Salem witch preliminaries of 1692. The Crucible was a noteworthy moral story of the occasions of the late 1 asss and 1 asss.Those denounced in The Crucible and those blamed during the McCarthy hearings were seen as liable with little proof. One would feel that such over the top allegations, with so minimal confirmation, would effectively be excused. In the multiple times ever, the individuals that were being influenced were frightened and could locate no other method to adapt to the trepidation than to put fault on each other (Miller). The guiltless were charged and placed in a blend where they needed to settle on a decision whether they would yield and keep putting fault or confront the hypocrisy.Their vocations and lives were unreasonably destroyed. Madness was the focal topic of Millers play. Panic arranged rationale and permitted individuals to accept that their neighbors and companions, whom they had consistently accepted to be good individuals, were carrying out absurd wrongdoings. As Reverend Paris, the hated nearby minister, utilized the witch chase to his advantage, Joseph McCarthy utilized anticommunism to his. Both striver to reinforce their situations in the public arena. The Crucible was Millers current rendition of the Salem witch chases that he himself took an interest in (Salem).The overall danger of socialism without a doubt had an extraordinary effect upon society in the late 1 backtalk to the mid 1 asss, including the activities and strategies Of McCarthy, why Miller and Other specialists were focuses Of Mica rhythms, and the relationship of The Crucible to the occasions of the time. This danger of socialist movement in the U. S. Prompted the low abuse of numerous conspicuous and all around regarded people. A comparative dread existed in Salem in the late sasss. This dread set off the misfortune sound judgment in numerous high situated people. The reason of sensible uncertainty prompted honest Americans destructions]both by and by and socially.

Europe in the Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Europe in the Renaissance - Essay Example A significant topic of Renaissance in England was a change from absolutely strict lifestyles (even in engineering and workmanship) to a progressively common method of living, which incorporated a move from the manner in which individuals glorified different things and ideas to an alternate viewpoint. The Church was done being viewed as a wellspring of guidance in political, strict, social and individual issues. Or maybe, disintegration of intensity was occurring while the Church stayed a strict personality while the ability to manage matters of law and government were vested with the (oft mainstream) political government. Consequently, while there was a less chance to advance and open up to various changed orders while the Church was in power, individuals could concentrate on the improvement of culture and craftsmanship during and after the Renaissance time frame. This is the motivation behind why much accentuation is paid and look into exertion given to the social and workmanship ad vancement during this period and there is significantly less spotlight on the political change. There was likewise a component of outside ideas’ blend into the ideas and thoughts that were picking up prevalence in England which in the end offered ascend to an entire Renaissance subject containing a mix of customary and present day thoughts (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). â€Å"I consider it our English Renaissance as it is surely a sort of fresh start of the character of man, similar to the incomparable Italian Renaissance of the 1500s, in its desire for a progressively amiable and attractive methodology of life, its fixation for physical magnificence, its world class notice to shape, its looking for new subjects for verse, new educated, new types of workmanship, and inventive delights: and I consider it our sentimental relationship since it is our most present appearance of excellence. We depict it as a simple rebuilding of Greek methods of reasoning, and again as an insignificant recuperation of medieval inclination. Or maybe I would express that to these types of the human soul it has included anything of masterful worth the intricacy and thickness

Electrician Resume Templates, Examples Complete Guide

Electrician Resume Templates, Examples Complete Guide We couldn’t imagine life today without electricity. Without it, there would be no internet, no lights, it would be completely dark, like in the past. Businesses would stop working, there would be chaos everywhere.However, there wouldn’t be an electric grid without people who can build and maintain it.From every small house, across the big complexes, all the way to the electricity source and distribution centers.Nowadays, people often forget how important these professions are. Everyone would like to be programmers and directors, but without people like electricians, there is no IT and programming.Even though this profession is becoming more and more scarce, the competition is still brutal, like in any other field. Therefore, you will need some mechanism to make yourself stand out of the crowd if you want to get the job you want. That mechanism is, of course, your personal resume.A lot of people would simply make a pretty common resume, with just basic, almost generic information, such as “Experienced electrician with excellent skills”, but that would be a mistake. In order for recruiters to choose you for the interview, you need to write a well-organized and targeted resume.It would help you stand out of the crowd and be different than all those people who don’t spend some time making good resumes.Today, we are here to help you with that.We know it is not easy to write a perfect resume, so we decided to give you a hand and offer some useful tips.Now, before we get on with that and start with our guide, let’s ask ourselves what would be the most important questions every well-organized and targeted resume should answer:How to be different than others?What are the most important parts of every resume?Is it good to use finished resume templates?How long should I make my resume?In short, every perfect resume should answer these questions. Sometimes it’s not so easy to do that, but worry not! We will lend you a hand.Apart from allowing you to stand out of the crowd, a perfect resume could help recruiters as well.By reading it, they could meet you a bit better, even before the actual interview, so when they eventually invite you and talk to you, they can be ready and have some questions prepared for you.Before we begin with a step-by-step guide about making a perfect resume, we will present you two examples of perfect electrician resume. After that, we will start with our guide and talk about each individual piece of a resume.We will discuss what information is important enough to be shared in these sections and what is not that much importantAnother thing we have for you is our resume template creator, that you can use to create your resume in several minutes, simply by filling in all important information.Let’s not waste any more time, let’s start with the examples, shall we?Resume Example for Chief Electrician Right Resume Example for Electrician Right Create your own resumeHERE’S HOW A PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN WRITES THE PERSONAL INFO SECTIONYou can look at a resume as to your business card. In order for it to be a real business card, you need to share something about yourself.Therefore, the very first section of a perfect resume is the personal info section.In this section, you should put some information about yourself, such as name, address, email, profession and contact information.However, make sure you don’t put too much information. In that regard, a lot of people ask “How long should my resume be?”.The simple answer is no more than two pages, preferably one. Therefore, try not to put information, such as your mother’s name, family tree, etc.Let’s see what information is important enough to be included in the personal info section and what is the best way of doing it.Full nameVery first thing you say when you meet someone is, of course, your name.There is no difference when it comes to making your resume. First thing you should share on the document is your full name.So, no nicknames, no funny names. What you want to achieve here is to look as professional as possible. If you would put your nickname, that would look very unprofessional to most recruiters.And they don’t like unprofessional people who would join their teams. You can see the examples of both the wrong and right choice below.Gordon Ramsey RightGordon “Rammy” Ramsey WrongIn some countries, it is also a good idea to introduce yourself only with your family name.For example, in the academic world, it is common for colleagues to do that, simply because it looks a bit more professional, so don’t hesitate to try it.ProfessionAfter sharing your name, the next logical step is to share your current or previous job title.That would help recruiters see if you had some experience, even before they start reading your resume.If you are a fresh graduate without any practical experience, you can also put your highest academic title , for instance, B.A. in Electrical Engineering.PhotoWhen it comes to sharing your picture, there aren’t many jobs that would require you to do that, except perhaps jobs like stage model or something similar, where looks matter.However, it has become a common practice to share a picture of yourself, so you should definitely do that.One thing to note is that you shouldn’t share just any picture, but instead, make some photos that would look professional.That means you shouldn’t use random pictures from Instagram and Facebook, but dress well, fix your hair and take some nice pictures.Phone numberTwo most common ways of communication between recruiters and job applicants are an email address and phone call. Therefore, it is very important to share your phone number.Some recruiters prefer to call their candidates directly, in order to get some impressions from their tone, sentences, and general attitude.Some jobs even require you to act in a way that would satisfy recruiters enough to invite you to an interview and hire you, such as call center operator job.And sometimes, emails can get bugged and don’t show the message at all, so it is better to have an alternative way of communication.AddressHome address is generally not required by most companies.But, it is not a bad idea to share it in your resume.Why you may ask?Well, imagine yourself getting called to an interview with some big company with lots of offices across the entire city.If they didn’t know your home address, they would simply put you in an office of their choosing.However, if you share your address, they might be willing to put you in some office that is closer to your home.Also, if they knew you live a bit far away from the company, they could offer you to pay for your transportation or to organize a transport vehicle for you.E-Mail AddressAlong with the phone number, emails are the most important channel of communication between employers and employees.Therefore, your email address is a c rucial piece of information that you must share in your resume.However, note that you shouldn’t use just any email, for example, below.gordonramsey@gmail.com Rightrammyboy69@gmail.com WrongThat means you shouldn’t use any email with nicknames, funny names, random numbers, etc.What you should do is make one email, which will only be used for business purposes. It should be built from your full name, or from a bit shorter version, in case your full name is too long.Also, don’t forget to use the most familiar email providers, such as Yahoo, Gmail, and Hotmail, instead of some other, less familiar and less trusted providers.Social MediaIn today’s world, it would be almost impossible to imagine life without social media networks. It all started with people chatting and texting each other, but over the years, social media became a very important aspect in business as well.This rise in popularity of social media networks brought to the birth of a new branch of digital marketing, called social media marketing.It added a completely new sphere of influence in the marketing world, allowing companies to advertise their products and services, make new marketing campaigns and attract more customers by using different tools on different social media networks.Therefore, it is a good question of whether to add some of your social media profiles to your resume or not.For some types of work, such as social media marketing manager, you should definitely add your social media profiles you will work on, which are mostly Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.However, before you share them, make sure to edit them to look professional. Because remember, being professional is one very important part of getting the job you want.So, that means, no silly photos and half-naked dances.Apart from being in the marketing business, there is one social media profile you should definitely share, no matter your profession, which is your LinkedIn profile.It’s definitely one of the most impor tant social media networks for business people, so you should take advantage of that and be active there.Before you share the profile link, however, make sure to edit it as shown in the example.Remove those numbers and your link will look much more professional and attractive.https://www.linkedin.com/in/gordon-ramsey Righthttps://www.linkedin.com/in/gordon-ramsey-7x254987 WrongLEARN WHAT TO PUT IN YOUR SUMMARY THAT REALLY WORKS IN 2020Even though resumes should be smaller, they could still contain a lot of information, so it is a good idea to write a summary section, where you would put all your previous experience, jobs, some skills you used to complete certain jobs and some accomplishments.Remember that you shouldn’t make this section be too large. A couple of sentences should be enough. It is basically the short version of everything important that would be included in the rest of the resume, so there is no need to make it too long.SummaryChief electrician with over 10 years of experience in working in the private sector, both in the company and as a private contractor. Been working on the installation of all basic electric systems in large buildings complexes, as well as repairing any damage to those systems and individual homes and apartments. Was in charge of a team of electricians that completely did wiring and installations for the entire Litchfield prison. RightSummaryElectrician with over 10 years of Experience. WrongAs seen in the example, there is a huge difference between these two summaries. The first one is very detailed, explaining the experience, skills and some accomplishments this person has acquired through his work.The last one seems pretty generic and says almost nothing about the person who wrote it. If you want to stand out of the crowd, you need to put some time and effort into creating your resume, thus including the summary section.Along with your skills, you can also put some achievements you had made while you were in schools , such as your GPA or the fact that you managed to be on the Dean’s list.However, it is only common in cases when a person doesn’t have too much experience.GUIDE ON WRITING THE EXPERIENCE SECTION FOR ELECTRICIAN RESUMEAlmost everything in a resume should be written in the reverse-chronological order.So, after the short summary, you should write something about your past and current experience.The experience section should start with your most recent job, and end with your first job or certain activity. You can see what we meant in the example below. Right WrongAlong with that, you should also write several points about each job. Describe what were your responsibilities, tasks, and accomplishments. To make this easier to read, you can use bulleted lists and sort everything.WHAT TO POINT OUT IN YOUR EDUCATION SECTION TO CATCH RECRUITER’S INTERESTNow that you added some important information in the experience section, it is time to add something about your education.Same as in the experience section, you should first write your most recent academic achievements and degrees like shown in the example. Right WrongApart from that, you could also add some points about your accomplishments and activities in and out of school.For instance, if you had good grades, you could write that down. Or if you managed to be on the Dean’s list for several semesters in a row. Or if you simply did certain school projects, that benefitted you in the future, you can put that as well.THESE SKILLS ARE HIGHLY IMPORTANT IN ELECTRICIAN RESUMENow that we had finished explaining everything important about the education section, let’s see how to write a resume skills section.When it comes to this section, a lot of people make the same mistake and put every skill they have, even if they are completely irrelevant to the job position they are applying for.Instead of doing that, you should make a selection of skills that are important for the job you want to get.Like shown in the illustration, there is no need for an electrician to put that he has cooking skills. It might be important for his personal life, but i t’s not for the job he does.Therefore, it is a bad idea to put it in there. Right RightApart from having a selection of important skills, you should also try to separate skills into different categories, so they would be easier to read.That way, recruiters would be able to clearly see all the important skills you have and compare them to the skills needed for the job.BEST RECRUITER TIPS TRICKS FOR ELECTRICIANSNow that we have completed our general guide about how to write a perfect resume for an electrician, let’s talk about some smaller tips and tricks that also play a very important role in making your resume look perfect.Choice of the font style â€" the first thing to choose when you open any word document is picking the font style and size. Same goes for writing your resume. Since your resume is your business card, you should use the font that would picture your own personality. However, there are some ground rules. Don’t use fonts that are handwritten because they are much harder to read, so recruiters might have difficulties understanding them. And th ey will probably have hundreds of other resumes, so it is best not to take any chances.The right resume size â€" a common mistake that a lot of people make is that they try to make their resumes as big as possible. It is a completely wrong way of thinking. Putting more useless information in your resume doesn’t mean that you are better than others. It is better to have a smaller and organized resume, with meaningful information. The optimal size should be from one to two pages, no more. To ensure that your resume has the right size, don’t fill it in with unnecessary information.Use of bulleting lists â€" In order to help you reduce unnecessary content in your resume, you can use bullet points and make lists. It would achieve two things. First, your resume would be much easier to read, rather than being all bundled up in a text, now it is split into different categories, all with bulleted lists. Second, by using a bulleted list, you would reduce the amount of unnecessary content and optimize the size of your resume.Choosing the file format for your resume â€" the most common file formats used for resumes are PDF and TXT. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages. PDF looks prettier and more professional. However, it cannot be easily edited. TXT, on the other hand, allows you to edit it without problems and keeps your resume up to date. Its flaw is that it isn’t PDF since PDF simply looks more professional. So, our advice is to keep your resume in both formats. Use TXT to edit everything you need and when you need to send or print your resume, use PDF file. It would make your life easier, than having to change formats, upload and print it every time you need to update it.Choosing the proper template for your resume â€" when it comes to the resume template, there is always a question whether to use some of the custom templates from the internet, or to simply create your own template. If you want to be genuine, you should try creating your own template. However, some people don’t really have the time and skill to do so. So, in which case they pick random one instead. If you do that, it is a good idea to pick some that would completely reflect your personality. If you want to try it out, feel free to use our online resume builder, which you can use to create resumes very fast and easy.Don’t write lies â€" a lot of people tend to write things in their resumes, that are not true, from their language knowledge to their understanding of some skills that are required to do the job. In certain companies, this kind of behavior can pass. However, companies and recruiters are getting better on how to spot a lie on a resume. So you should be careful and avoid lying about anything.Checking the email on a regular basis â€" when you apply for a job, it is a good idea to check your email on a regular basis. Sometimes, emails tend to get to the spam folder, in which case, you can miss your invitation to an interview or the testing results.Re-r eading your resume after completion â€" after you are done writing your resume, what you should do is pretend to be a recruiter and re-read your resume, from a different perspective. By doing that, you allow yourself to correct your own mistakes and fix them before you send the resume to the real recruiters. This way, you can be sure that everything important is in the resume and that every unnecessary information has been removed.Sharing political opinion and activities â€" despite the chance that you might have same political opinion as to the recruiter, which could increase your credibility and chance to get the job, it is never a good idea to put your political opinions and certain activities that you might have done. Everything is a fairy-tale while you and recruiter across you have similar political. However, hell may occur if that is not the case. You might even be completely removed from the process because of this.Proper grammar is important â€" using proper grammar is alwa ys important. But, in business, it is like ten times more important, so you should always check if your grammar is right, by going manually through your resume text or simply by using other software, such as Grammarly.Edit your resume often â€" as you work and grow, you get new skills and experience new things. Therefore, there is a need for including those new skills in your resume. That means that you should regularly edit your resume and update it with the important information. By doing that, you make yourself ready to send that resume anytime, anywhere, when the need arises.CONCLUSIONThat was everything we have prepared for you today folks! We talked about what makes resumes so important and gave you some examples of the best electrician resumes.After that, we decided to help you with a guide that teaches you about individual parts of a resume and the information that goes in each part.Now it’s your turn to go out there, try to make your resume and join the electrician crew. If you are still conflicted about the creation of your resume, make sure to use our resume template builder and make your resume in under ten minutes. Create your own resume or use our templates

Social Turmoil In Iran - Free Essay Example

This article is about the social turmoil in Iran as a result of inflation, a persistent increase in the average price level, which is pulling up the prices of necessities, in particular food. The current inflation in Iran is due to higher costs of imported feed, a supply shock which is driving up the cost of producing food. Therefore, it is an example of cost-push inflation triggered by import pressures (Diagram 1). Initially, the equilibrium in the Iranian economy settles at point A. A rise in the price of feed will increase the production costs of firms, and this makes it less profitable for businesses to sell, so the amount of goods and services supplied by firms at any given price level in the short run, known as short-run aggregate supply (SRAS), will decrease. Thus, the SRAS curve shifts to the left from SRAS1 to SRAS2. The equilibrium will move to point B with a higher price level P2 and a lower level of output Y1. As the inflation rate in Iran rises to 10% due to an increase in the average price level from P1 to P2, economic growth shrinks due to a fall in the level of output from Yf to Y1. Because Iran is experiencing inflation together with stagnation (falling output), this event is called stagflation. Unemployment in Iran also remains high. Stagflation results in firms producing a lower level of output, hence a smaller workforce will be required, and unemployment rises. Therefore, a leftward shift in aggregate supply leads to higher inflation, lower economic growth, and higher unemployment, worsening the trade-off between the macroeconomic objectives. Firms may respond to inflation by raising nominal wages to avoid discontent among workers, increasing further firms costs and aggravating inflationary pressure. However, the purchasing power of Iranians will drop with inflation due to higher unemployment, and investment will be discouraged due to economic stagnation, so the low level of employment and output will put downward pressure on wages. As a result of falling wages, SRAS will shift back to its original position at SRAS1, and the economy might return to point A in the long run. The Iranian government, however, may not let the market operate freely and could attempt to combat cost-push inflation by influencing aggregate demand (AD), the total spending on goods and services in an economy, through fiscal or monetary policies (Diagram 2). A shift of the AD curve to the right from AD1 to AD2 would return output to full employment level Yf. Therefore, demand-management policies aimed to accommodate the increase in feed prices would prevent a reduction of output in the short run, but inflation would worsen as the price level would rise from P1 to P3, resulting in a permanently higher price level P3. An alternative solution would involve the implementation of supply-side policies. These are a set of measures designed to increase long-run aggregate supply (LRAS), the output when all available resources are being used efficiently, leading to economic growth. An outward shift of the LRAS curve from LRAS1 to LRAS2 results in a fall in the average price level from P2 to P1 and an increase in potential output from Yf1 Yf2, counterbalancing cost-push inflation (Diagram 3). This can be achieved by improvements in the quality of factors of production or an increase in their quantity. The government could opt for market-based supply-side policies, aiming to increase incentives and productivity, or interventionist supply-side policies, actively encouraging economic growth. In the first case, liberalizing trade through a reduction in import tariffs would decrease the price of feed imports and so import-push inflation. Cutting down tariffs might improve the efficiency of domestic producers, but it would result in a lower revenue gain for the government. Secondly, state investment in education and training would be successful in targeting structural unemployment arising from occupational immobility as the quality of labour would improve. However, the funding of these projects represents substantial public spending which may worsen the national budget. The disadvantage of supply-side policies is the lengthy time-lag between their implementation and the effect on real output; they may not be effective in targeting the short-run effects of cost-push inflation. In conclusion, inflation in Iran is having major drawbacks on economic growth and unemployment. Although demand-management policies may successfully mitigate the adverse impact on output and employment in the short run, this is done at the cost of inflation, so supply-side policies may be more efficient in bringing back economic stability to Iran in the long run.

Agency Of Public Health Paper Based Health Management...

The Ministry of Public Health paper based Health Management Information System (HMIS) has been established as an emergency solution to lack of a data collection system in 2002. However, the increasing need for various type of data and accumulation of large dataset over past 16 years has resulted in severe inefficiency of the system. In addition, the paper based system takes unacceptably long time for health decision making. Therefore, an online data management system will provide unlimited data storage, real-time data collection, reporting and feedback and interactive usage of data at various management level in the health system. DHIS2 is an online open source, customizable, free, international used data management system that has proven†¦show more content†¦In the resource limited settings like in the developing organization, evidence based decision-making is important to serve for the available resources. In ministry of public health Afghanistan, geographical reasons have hindered the availability of potential health data. These barriers have affected the data collection methods, which are mostly manual, and paper based. Data collected through these manual methods are not standardized and therefore these are difficult to process for analytical and data mining purposes. In recent years’ human population in the provinces has been reported to grow in high rate due to several factors such as improvement of health services, especially maternal health which has been the impact of foreign aid. This growth of human population has raised more challenges to health sector’s staff in dealing with large volumes of health data. Health data processing between different levels of health care systems have been affected by this growth as manual aggregation of large volume of data is now a tedious work and has high error rate. In addition to that, the critical shortfall of the health workers in these provinces affects the effort of improving the data collection and analyzing process. Poor data collection methods have led to lack of clear understanding of the flow of health data. If the flow of health data is not clearly understood by the decision makers, fulfillment of theShow MoreRelatedA New Dimension Of M Government1528 Words   |  7 Pagesalso using ICT even if having fewer ideas about the systems. The notable thing is they can use it. The overview of my report isn’t describing all the aspects of ICT. In this report, my objective is to magnify the concepts and effe cts of digital procurement (e-purjee) system by sugarcane growers in rural Bangladesh. It is a SMS-based purchase order system replacing than that of a paper-based. 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The 11 Worst Blizzards in U.S. History

It seems that every time a big snowstorm is in the forecast, the media hails it as record breaking or historic, in some way or another. But how do these storms truly match up to the worst storms to hit the United States? Take a look at some of the worst blizzards to ever hit U.S. soil. 11. The Chicago Blizzard of 1967 This storm dumped 23 inches of snow on northeast Illinois and northwest Indiana. The storm (which hit on January 26) wreaked havoc across metropolitan Chicago, leaving  800 Chicago Transit Authority buses and 50,000 automobiles abandoned all around the city. 10. The Great Blizzard of 1899 This devastating snowstorm was notable for the amount of snow it produced—around 20 to 35 inches—as well as where it hit the hardest, i.e. Florida, Louisiana, and Washington D.C. These southern regions are not normally accustomed to such large amount of snow and were thus even more overwhelmed by the snowy conditions.   9. The Great Storm of 1975 Not only did this intense storm drop two feet of snow over the Midwest over four days in January 1975, but it also created 45 tornadoes. The snow and the tornadoes were responsible for the deaths of more than 60 people and property damage topping $63 million. 8. The Knickerbocker Storm Over two days in late January 1922, nearly three feet of snow fell across Maryland, Virginia, Washington D.C., and Pennsylvania. But it wasnt just the amount of snow that fell—it was the weight of the snow. It was a particularly heavy, wet snow that collapsed houses and roofs, including the roof of the Knickerbocker Theater, a popular venue in Washington D.C., which killed 98 people and injured 133. 7. The Armistice Day Blizzard On November 11, 1940—what was then called Armistice Day—a strong snowstorm combined with fierce winds to create 20-foot snowdrifts across the Midwest. This storm was responsible for the deaths of 145 people and thousands of livestock. 6. The Blizzard of 1996 More than 150 people died during this storm that hit the east coast of the U.S. from January 6 to 8 of 1996. The blizzard, and subsequent flooding, also caused $4.5 billion in property damages. 5. The Childrens Blizzard This tragic storm occurred on January 12, 1888. While it packed only several inches of snow, this storm was most notable for the sudden and unexpected temperature drop that accompanied it. On what started as a warm day (by Dakota territory and Nebraska standards) of several degrees above freezing, temperatures instantly plummeted to a wind chill of minus 40.  Children, who were sent home by the teachers because of the snow, were unprepared for the sudden cold. Two hundred thirty-five kids died that day trying to get home from school. 4. The White Hurricane This blizzard—most notable for its hurricane force winds—is still the deadliest natural disaster to ever hit the Great Lakes region of the U.S. The storm hit on November 7, 1913, causing 250 deaths and packed winds sustained at over 60 miles per hour for almost twelve hours 3. The Storm of the Century On March 12, 1993—a storm that was both a blizzard and a cyclone wreaked havoc from Canada to Cuba. Labeled the Storm of the Century, this snowstorm caused  318 deaths and $6.6 billion in damage. But thanks to a successful five-day warning from the National Weather Service, many lives were saved thanks to the preparations that some states were able to put into place prior to the storm. 2. The Great Appalachian Storm On November 24, 1950, a storm rolled over the Carolinas on its way to Ohio that brought with it heavy rains, winds, and snow. The storm brought as much as 57 inches of snow and was responsible for 353 deaths and became a case study later used to track and predict weather. 1. The Great Blizzard of 1888 This storm, which brought 40 to 50 inches of snow to  Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York took the lives of more than 400 people throughout the northeast. This is the highest death toll ever recorded for a winter storm in the U.S. The Great Blizzard buried houses, cars, and trains and was responsible for the sinking of 200 ships due to its fierce winds.

What Makes One Company Better - 888 Words

A manager today under any company faces many challenges that the market would not have predicted 50 years ago. There are many obstacles that are encountered in the workforce to keep employees motivated. It is important to keep attracting young yet skilled employees. In order to bring workers with high credentials and a driven passion for the job, they have to keep them motivated. What makes one company better than the next one of the same fields? Some examples of motivation could come such as a diverse workplace, keeping them involved and engaged, and having desirable rewards and benefits. With all these in consideration, there is no way that young individuals will not consider your company! Becoming diverse does not just necessarily mean people of color alone, but also comes such as more women entering, and different sexual preferences (lesbian, gay, etc.,). 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Credit A Tool, Not A Crutch - 857 Words

Credit: a Tool, Not a Crutch Depending on the number, a credit score can be a powerful tool or a crushing burden on your shoulders. Unless you are independently wealthy you will need credit at some point in your life. Seldom do people realize how important credit is until they try to make a major purchase; for instance, a car or their first home. I made some smart and some foolish decisions regarding my credit over the years, and yet each was a learning experience that proved invaluable to my financial literacy. I had just begun my first full-time job and needed a dependable car since my old one was completely wrecked in an accident. Excited, I hurried to the nearest dealership and began to look around. It didn t take me long at all to fall in love with a nearly brand new 1997 Grand Am. The clinching factor was that it was the color purple, which was my favorite. I was ready to drive off in it right then; however, there was one major problem. 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Inustrialized Food Production Free Essays

Industrialized Food Production: A Dangerous Path When visiting the grocery store, shoppers are bombarded with pleasant photos of farmers in their fields. This idyllic agricultural way of life may have existed in the past, but today’s farms are much different. In our modern era, a revolution has taken place and food production has changed dramatically. We will write a custom essay sample on Inustrialized Food Production or any similar topic only for you Order Now The industrialized method of food production has created a dangerous and unsustainable system. Choosing locally sourced foods is beneficial to the planet, health, and local economies. The 100 mile diet has brought attention to this important subject and made people aware of the impact of food choices. Humans began farming over 9000 years ago, and many technological advancements have occurred since that time (Mintz, Du Bois, 101). Most significantly in the modern era, the green revolution changed the way food was grown. The green revolution allowed for intensification of food resources, intended to alleviate world hunger (Bourlag). Lead by Norman Bourlag, hybrid variations of wheat were bred to produce higher yields and be two to three times more resistant to disease. Success was achieved, but has created more issues. From 1950 to 1999 production on the same size acreage increased 170%, producing 1. 9 billion tonnes of grain (Bourlag). However, copious amounts of fertilizers need to be added to the soil to support this production; this leads to more chemical run-off and contamination of water sources. Another major problem is that the hybrid seeds lead to development of genetically engineered seeds. These grains are patented by large corporations, causing costs to rise and taking control away from farmers. The local farmer no longer has control over how they grow crops or run their farm. Large companies like Monsanto hold all the power. The genetically modified seeds that are needed for the high yields are patented, and farmers are forced to purchase new seeds each year (Food Inc. ). For centuries, farmers have been able to save seeds from their crops for planting the following year. With the introduction of patents, farmers now face massive lawsuits if they try to reuse seeds. Even though many farmers do not want to use the modified seeds, it is nearly impossible because of cross contamination. Mark Anslow provides an example of one Canadian farmer: Percy Schmeiser. He found that sixty percent of his crop had been contaminated by Monsanto engineered seeds carried onto his land by the wind (12). Even though Schmeiser did not plant or want the seeds, he still faced intimidation and lawsuits from the giant biotechnology company (Anslow, 13). The power held by these agribusiness giants controls what farmers can do. The control held by corporations is not limited to grains and seeds, it extends into poultry and livestock. The high demand for meat created by the multitudes of fast food restaurants has completely changed the way animals are raised. Factory farming techniques produce plump animals from small areas. About 10 billion animals are raised and killed for food every year in the United States, many of these inhumanely (â€Å"Humane Eating : The Humane Society of the United States. â€Å"). Laying hens are kept in cages so small they cannot even move. In addition, animals have been bred for meat production, leading to chickens with breasts so heavy they can barely walk; chickens often die from their own weight (_Food Inc_. ). Cattle are raised in small pens with no area to graze. Instead, they are fattened up with corn (Nierenberg, 22). These feedlots are seas of manure and disease. Farmers are pressured by that large companies they hold contracts with to have the latest technologies. This means taking on massive debt that forces farmers to continue producing for that company, even if they do not agree with the practices. For example, poultry producers working for Tyson, one of the largest companies, have been forced to â€Å"upgrade† chicken houses to be large sheds with no natural light, with thousands of chickens packed inside (_Food Inc_. ). As with grain producers, livestock producers are caught in a debt cycle by powerful corporations. Major health issues are caused by industrialized food production. The close quarters and filthy conditions where the animals are raised are perfect conditions for the spread of disease. Animals raised intensively arrive at slaughterhouses covered in feces, which raises the risk of contamination during the processing (Nierenberg, 22). As well, a variety of antibiotics are used to as feed additives to prevent disease and encourage growth in livestock and poultry, which are then ingested by humans, increasing antibiotic resistance worldwide (Sayre, 78). The crowded, stressful conditions of intensive farming, combined with ammonia released from waste and lack of sunlight facilitate the spread of disease among animals and to humans. As well, the manure from these animals is contaminated with the antibiotics; if a manure lagoon bursts or seeps into the water supply, anyone using the water to drink or bathe can be infected (Sayre, 77). One way to reduce these issues is to eat less meat, reducing demand and the need for intensive factory farm operations (Pollan, 33). Another solution is to choose locally raised meat. This allows consumers to get to know the farmers and practices used to raise the livestock. In addition, it is more likely that the meat has been processed in a smaller slaughterhouse, reducing chances for cross contamination from many sources. Local food increases the amount of information available to consumers and provides food security. Factory farming not only harms the animals and the farmers, it has huge environmental impacts. The production of livestock and dairy actually contributes more greenhouse gases to the environment than vehicles (â€Å"From Field To Feedlot To Fork. â€Å"). Globally, 18% of greenhouse gas emissions are created from feedlot to dinner table. Animal production creates emissions at every stage. Fossil fuel is required to run equipment, grow crops, transport animals, and distribute products. The production of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides alone require the equivalent use of over 123 million barrels of oil (â€Å"From Field To Feedlot To Fork. â€Å"). Factory farming centralizes production areas, meaning that in order to slaughter and distribute the meat, long distance transportation is required. Aside from the fossil fuel use, greenhouse gases are created by the animals themselves. Grazing animals, like cattle, release methane. While this is natural, the huge amounts of livestock being produced are massive contributors to global warming. As well, the manure produced by these animals exceeds amounts that can be used as fertilizer for fields. The excess amounts are stored in ponds and lagoons, where more gases are released as it decomposes (Nierenberg, 23). By choosing to eat local, consumers negate the creation of much of the pollution. The most obvious reduction is in transportation emissions. On average, a meal travels 2414 km from farm to table. This is over a 25% increase from 1980 (Roosevelt, 78). Shopping at a local farmers market or farm stand reduces the distance considerably. A study in Iowa found that a regional diet consumed 17 times less oil and gas than a typical diet based on food shipped across the country and around the world (Smith, Mackinnon, 65). Another way local eating reduces environmental impacts is though more sustainable practices. Local farms are usually operated on a smaller scale; livestock can graze on grass, and the manure produced fertilizers the field. Another benefit of small farms if the diversity they provide. Agribusiness operations focus on monoculture. One crop is grown over hundreds or thousands of hectares. A small farm features more diversity, attracting and providing habitat for a range of wildlife (Pollan, 62). As well, smaller farms require far less chemical additives like pesticides and fertilizer, both produced with fossil fuels. Recently, the 100 mile diet has brought attention to choices consumers can make and why local choices are important. A couple in Vancouver undertook a year long challenge to only eat food that was grown or produced within a one hundred mile radius of their home (Smith, Mackinnon). At first, this seems like an overwhelming task, but is actually achievable. Some luxury items, like coffee and chocolate, must be given up, but most essential items are available. While it may not be possible for everyone to follow the 100 mile diet completely, choosing local products as often as possible has many benefits. As well as reducing transportation costs and emissions as mentioned earlier, purchasing food from local farmers helps the local economy. The income stays in your local area instead of being absorbed by a multinational corporation. A British study found that money spent at a local farmers market had twice the economic value for the area than money spent at a supermarket chain (Smith, Mackinnon, 112). The reduced transportation time also has health benefits. Produce is not picked until it is ripe, and often sold the same day, so the nutrients are not degraded when it reaches the dinner table. Food production has undergone many changes since the rise of agriculture thousands of years ago. The rise of factory farming practices has brought many negative changes to food. Rates of pollution and disease have risen dramatically, and conditions for animals and farmers are very poor. The recent popularity of the 100 mile diet has brought raised public awareness about food choices. By choosing locally produced food consumers get a more nutritious product, reduce environmental impacts, and support local economies. Works Cited Anslow, Mark. â€Å"Farmer warns: ‘GM will destroy organic industry’. † The Ecologist 38. 10 (2009): 12-13. General Science Index. Web. 30 Nov. 2009. Bourlag, Norman. â€Å"Biotechnology and the Green Revolution (ActionBioscience). † ActionBioscience – promoting bioscience literacy. Nov. 2002. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. http://www. actionbioscience. org/biotech/borlaug. html. Food Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Alliance, 2009. DVD. â€Å"From Field To Feedlot To Fork. † Cool Foods Campaign. 2009. Web. 04 Dec. 2009. http://coolfoodscampaign. org/your-tools/global-warming-and-your-food/from-field-to-feedlot-to-f ork/. â€Å"Humane Eating : The Humane Society of the United States. † The Humane Society of the United States. 2009. Web. 04 Dec. 2009. http://www. humanesociety. org/issues/eating/. Mintz, Sidney W. , and Christine M. Du Bois. â€Å"The Anthropology of Food and Eating. † Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (2002): 99-119. Print. Nierenberg, Danielle. The Commercialization of Farming: Producing Meat for a Hungry World. † USA Today (Periodical) 132 (2004): 22-4. Readers’ Guide Abstracts. Web. 1 Dec. 2009. Pollan, Michael. In Defense of Food. New York: Penguin Paperbacks, 2009. Print. Roosevelt, Margot â€Å"The Lure of the 100-Mile Diet. † Time 167. 24 (2006): 78. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. Sayre, Laura. â€Å"The Hidden Link Between Factory Farms and Human Illness. † The Mother Earth News Feb. /Mar. 2009: 76-83. Readers’ Guide Abstracts. Web. 1 Dec. 2009. Smith, Alisa, and J. B. Mackinnon. The 100-Mile Diet A Year of Local Eating. New York: Vintage Canada, 2007. Print. How to cite Inustrialized Food Production, Essays

African Elephant Essay Example For Students

African Elephant Essay The common name is the African Elephant, the scientific name is LoxodontaAfricana, the phylum is Vertebrata, the class is Mammalia, the order is Proboscidea,and the family is Elephantidae. The Closest Relatives to the African Elephant are: theAsian Elephant, mammoths, primitive proboscidean (mastodons), sea cows, andhyraxes. Scientists believe that the African Elephant evolved from one of its closestrelatives, the Sea Cow. The geographical location and range of the African elephant covers all ofcentral and southern Africa. In Ethiopia there are isolated populations that existaround Lake Chad in Mali and Mauritania. Also in Kenya, Rhodesia, Tanzania,Zambia, Uganda, Zaire, and in National parks located in South Africa, as well asseveral other countries. African Elephants, originally, were found in all of theSub-Saharan African habitats except desert steppes. Elephants still occupy diversehabitats such as: temperate grassland, tropical savanna and grass lands, temperateforest and rainfo rest, tropical rainforest, tropical scrub forest, and tropical deciduousforest despite their drastic decline in numbers. However, their migratory patterns andhabitat use have changed, due to the fact that they are restricted to protected areas. The elephant can exist in many types of environments but it prefers places that havemany trees and bushes, which the elephant needs both for food and shade. They alsolike warm areas that have plenty of rainfall. This ensures plenty of food, shade, andwater. The elephant prefers a habitat of mixed woodland and grassland which givesthem an opportunity to eat a variety of vegetation. African Elephants are considered herbivores, they are both browsers andgrazers; they will eat rough sticks, stems and leaves of plants as well as grasses,sedges, and fruit. Their favorites are mangoes, berries and coconuts. An elephant eatsup to 500 pounds of vegetation every day and drinks up to 50 gallons of water daily. Elephants must consume these giant quantiti es of food, due to their poor digestivesystem. The small intestine is 82 feet long, the large intestine 21 feet long, and therectum adds a further 13 feet. The problem with the digestive tract lies in their gut;elephants have too few symbiotic bacteria. These are the organisms which help breakdown the cellulose of plant cell walls by producing enzymes called cellulases. Themost remarkable feature of the elephants digestive system is its 5 feet long appendix,bigger than the stomach. Proteins, starches, and sugars are digested in the appendix. The elephant will excrete almost 200 pounds a day of semi-digested food. Elephants live together in strong family units which might have as few as two oras many as twenty members. When the group gets too big, it splits up; but the groupsstay in close contact. Elephant life revolves around this unit which is usually headedby the oldest female. The family offers protection, aid, comfort, and teaching to all ofits members. Within the units are cows , calves, and bulls. The male bulls are verysolitary and most of the time travel only with other males, except during mating seasonwhen the bulls travel with the pack looking for a mate. The males remain with thefamily unit until they are about fourteen and then leave the family to join the othermales. The African elephant usually gives birth to one calf every four years. Thegestation period is approximately twenty to twenty two years. The newborn calf,which weighs 200-300 pounds and stands about three feet high, is cared for by all ofthe females in the pack, not just by the mother. The calf may nurse as long as eightyears, or until its tusks are too long for the mother. It takes about 14 to 15 years for anelephant to fully mature. They grow to about 10-13 feet tall and 7.5 meters in lengthand weigh as much as 7 tons. The family will remain together throughout their lives. The elephants body has many special features which it has adapted throughoutthe centuries to help it survive in its environment. The most important part of theelephants body is its trunk. An elephant uses its trunk for many things. With it, theelephant can pick up objects that weigh as much as 600 lbs. This powerful trunk isalso used to beat off attacking animals and sometimes mother elephants use theirtrunks to swat their babies. The trunk, which is very flexible, can curl over theelephants head so that the elephant can give itself showers and dust baths. The trunkalso curls towards the elephants mouth so it can eat and drink. At the end of the trunkthe elephant has finger-like projections similar to the human thumb and forefinger. With this the elephant can pick up small objects. Baby elephants often suck theirtrunks just like human babies suck their thumbs. The nostrils at the tip of the trunk arehighly sensitive, an elephant can detect a water source from as far as 12 miles away,and detect the reproductive status of another elephant from some distance. America Under Invasion EssayBibliographyGaeth, A.P. The Developing Renal, Reproductive, and Respiratory systems of the African Elephant Suggest an Aquatic Ancestry. Proceeding of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America Volume 96, No 10. May 11, 1999 pg. 5555-5558This primary source gave us information on the ancestry of the African Elephant,such as their closest relatives. It also told us the endangered status of the animal. Groning, Karl., and Martin Saller. Elephants A Cultural and Natural HistoryKONEMANN 1999. This source gave us information on all aspects of the elephants physicalcomposition, specifically the digestive system, and homeostatic mechanisms. Hoare, Richard E., and Johan T. Du Toit. Coexistence between People and Elephants in African Savannas Conservation Biology Volume 13, No 3. June 1999 pg. 633-639 This primary source gave us details on elephant population in regards to humansettlement. Moore, Tara. The Endangered Species Elephants. pp. 15-20, 27-32. Champaign, IL: Garrad Publishing Company 1982. This source delt with some of the basic facts about the elephant, such as their diet andgeographical location and range. Norton, Boyd. The African Elephant: Last Days of Eden. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, 1991. This source gave us information on population figures, poaching, natural disasters,and birth control methods. Overbeck, Cynthia. Elephants. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 1983This source gave us information on the family groups of elephants, and on theirmethods of communication, and also detail about their tusks, and trunks as defensivemechanisms.

Two-Factor Theory of Motivation free essay sample

Introduction: The two-factor theory (also known as Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory and dual-factor theory) states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. It was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg, who theorized that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act independently of each other. According to Herzberg, intrinsic motivators such as challenging work, recognition, and responsibility produce employee satisfaction, while extrinsic hygiene factors, including status, job security, salary, and fringe benefits – if absent – produce dissatisfaction. Herzbergs theory appears to parallel Maslows needs hierarchy. Individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory, including factors that cause dissatisfaction as well, such as company policies, supervision, technical problems, salary, interpersonal relations on the job, and working conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Two-Factor Theory of Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This two-factor model of motivation is based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction, while another and separate set of job characteristics lead to dissatisfaction. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. 2. Two-factor theory fundamentals: 2. 1 Research by Herzberg: Attitudes and their connection with industrial mental health are related to Abraham Maslows theory of motivation. His findings have had a considerable theoretical, as well as a practical, influence on attitudes toward administration. According to Herzberg, individuals are not content with the satisfaction of lower-order needs at work; for example, those needs associated with minimum salary levels or safe and pleasant working conditions. Rather, individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. This appears to parallel Maslows theory of a need hierarchy. However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory by proposing a two-factor model of motivation, based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics leads to dissatisfaction at work. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. This theory suggests that to improve job attitudes and productivity, administrators must recognize and attend to both sets of characteristics and not assume that an increase in satisfaction leads to decrease in unpleasable dissatisfaction. The two-factor theory developed from data collected by Herzberg from interviews with 203 engineers and accountants in the Pittsburgh area, chosen because of their professions growing importance in the business world. Regarding the collection process: â€Å" Briefly, we asked our respondents to describe periods in their lives when they were exceedingly happy and unhappy with their jobs. Each respondent gave as many sequences of events as he could that met certain criteria—including a marked change in feeling, a beginning and an end, and contained some substantive description other than feelings and interpretations The proposed hypothesis appears verified. The factors on the right that led to satisfaction (achievement, intrinsic interest in the work, responsibility, and advancement) are mostly unipolar; that is, they contribute very little to job dissatisfaction. Conversely, the dis-satisfiers (company policy and administrative practices, supervision, interpersonal relationships, working conditions, and salary) contribute very little to job satisfaction. † —Herzberg, 1964 2. 2 Analysis by Herzberg: From analysing these interviews, he found that job characteristics related to what an individual does — that is, to the nature of the work one performs — apparently have the capacity to gratify such needs as achievement, competency, status, personal worth, and self-realization, thus making him happy and satisfied. However, the absence of such gratifying job characteristics does not appear to lead to unhappiness and dissatisfaction. Instead, dissatisfaction results from unfavourable assessments of such job-related factors as company policies, supervision, technical problems, salary, interpersonal relations on the job, and working conditions. Thus, if management wishes to increase satisfaction on the job, it should be concerned with the nature of the work itself — the opportunities it presents for gaining status, assuming responsibility, and for achieving self-realization. If, on the other hand, management wishes to reduce dissatisfaction, then it must focus on the job environment — policies, procedures, supervision, and working conditions. [ If management is equally concerned with both, then managers must give attention to both sets of job factors. Two-factor theory distinguishes between: Motivator Factors Motivator factors are based on an individuals need for personal growth. When they exist, motivator factors actively create job satisfaction. If they are effective, then they can motivate an individual to achieve above-average performance and effort. Motivator factors include: Status Opportunity for advancement Gaining recognition Responsibility Challenging / stimulating work Sense of personal achievement personal growth in a job Hygiene Factors Hygiene factors are based on the need to for a business to avoid unpleasantness at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work. Hygiene factors include: Company policy and administration Wages, salaries and other financial remuneration Quality of supervision Quality of inter-personal relations Working conditions Feelings of job security Essentially, hygiene factors are needed to ensure an employee is not dissatisfied. Motivation factors are needed to motivate an employee to higher performance. Herzberg also further classified our actions and how and why we do them, for example, if you perform a work related action because you have to then that is classed as movement, but if you perform a work related action because you want to then that is classed as motivation. Unlike Maslow, who offered little data to support his ideas, Herzberg and others have presented considerable empirical evidence to confirm the motivation-hygiene theory, although their work has been criticized on methodological grounds. 3. Workarounds: Herzbergs theory concentrates on the importance of internal job factors as motivating forces for employees. He designed it to increase job enrichment for employees. Herzberg wanted to create the opportunity for employees to take part in planning, performing, and evaluating their work. According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, if you set about eliminating dissatisfying job factors you may create peace, but not necessarily enhance performance. This placates your workforce instead of actually motivating them to improve performance. The characteristics associated with job dissatisfaction are called hygiene factors. When these have been adequately addressed, people will not be dissatisfied nor will they be satisfied. If you want to motivate your team, you then have to focus on satisfaction factors like achievement, recognition, and responsibility. To apply Herzbergs theory, you need to adopt a two stage process to motivate people. Firstly, you need eliminate the dissatisfactions theyre experiencing and, secondly, you need to help them find satisfaction. 3. 1 Step One: Eliminate Job Dissatisfaction: Herzberg called the causes of dissatisfaction hygiene factors. To get rid of them, you need to: Fix poor and obstructive company policies. Provide effective, supportive and non-intrusive supervision. Create and support a culture of respect and dignity for all team members. Ensure that wages are competitive. Build job status by providing meaningful work for all positions. Provide job security. All of these actions help you eliminate job dissatisfaction in your organization. And theres no point trying to motivate people until these issues are out of the way! You cant stop there, though. Remember, just because someone is not dissatisfied, it doesnt mean he or she is satisfied either! Now you have to turn your attention to building job satisfaction. 3. 2 Step Two: Create Conditions for Job Satisfaction: To create satisfaction, Herzberg says you need to address the motivating factors associated with work. He called this job enrichment. His premise was that every job should be examined to determine how it could be made better and more satisfying to the person doing the work. Things to consider include: Providing opportunities for achievement. Recognizing workers contributions. Creating work that is rewarding and that matches the skills and abilities of the worker. Giving as much responsibility to each team member as possible. Providing opportunities to advance in the company through internal promotions. Offering training and development opportunities, so that people can pursue the positions they want within the company. 4. Validity and criticisms: In 1968 Herzberg stated that his two-factor theory study had already been replicated 16 times in a wide variety of populations including some in Communist countries, and corroborated with studies using different procedures that agreed with his original findings regarding intrinsic employee motivation making it one of the most widely replicated studies on job attitudes. While the Motivator-Hygiene concept is still well regarded, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are generally no longer considered to exist on separate scales. The separation of satisfaction and dissatisfaction has been shown to be an artefact of the Critical Incident Technique (CIT) used by Herzberg to record events. Furthermore, it has been noted the theory does not allow for individual differences, such as particular personality traits, which would affect individuals unique responses to motivating or hygiene factors. A number of behavioural scientists have pointed to inadequacies in the need hierarchy and motivation-hygiene theories. The most basic is the criticism that both of these theories contain the relatively explicit assumption that happy and satisfied workers produce more, even though this might not be the case. For example, if playing a better game of golf is the means chosen to satisfy ones need for recognition, then one will find ways to play and think about golf more often, perhaps resulting in an accompanying lower output on the job. Another problem is that these and other statistical theories are concerned with explaining average behaviour, despite considerable differences between individuals that may impact ones motivational factors. For instance, in their pursuit of status a person might take a balanced view and strive to pursue several behavioural paths in an effort to achieve a combination of personal status objectives. In other words, an individuals expectation or estimated probability that a given behaviour will bring a valued outcome determines their choice of means and the effort they will devote to these means. In effect, this diagram of expectancy depicts an employee asking themselves the question posed by one investigator, How much payoff is there for me toward attaining a personal goal while expending so much effort toward the achievement of an assigned organizational objective? The expectancy theory by Victor Vroom also provides a framework for motivation based on expectations. This approach to the study and understanding of motivation would appear to have certain conceptual advantages over other theories: First, unlike Maslows and Herzbergs theories, it is capable of handling individual differences. Second, its focus is toward the present and the future, in contrast to drive theory, which emphasizes past learning. Third, it specifically correlates behaviour to a goal and thus eliminates the problem of assumed relationships, such as between motivation and performance. Fourth, it relates motivation to ability: Performance = Motivation Ability. That said, a study by the Gallup Organization, as detailed in the book First, Break All the Rules: What the Worlds Greatest Managers Do by Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman, appears to provide strong support for Herzbergs division of satisfaction and dissatisfaction into two separate scales. In this book, the authors discuss how the study identified twelve questions that provide a framework for determining high-performing individuals and organizations. These twelve questions align squarely with Herzbergs motivation factors, while hygiene factors were determined to have little effect on motivating high performance. 5. Conclusion: The relationship between motivation and job satisfaction is not overly complex. The problem is that many employers look at the hygiene factors as ways to motivate when in fact, beyond the very short term, they do very little to motivate. Perhaps managers like to use this approach because they think people are more financially motivated than, perhaps, they are, or perhaps it just takes less management effort to raise wages than it does to revaluate company policy, and redesign jobs for maximum satisfaction. While motivating people, firstly it’s needed to get rid of the things that are annoying them about the company and the workplace. Making it sure that theyre treated fairly, and with respect. Once this is done, it’s needed to look for the ways in which people can be helped to grow within their jobs, giving them opportunities for achievement, and praising that achievement wherever it’s found.

How To Choose An Essay Topic

How To Choose An Essay TopicWhen starting a new writing project or editing an essay, it's best to take a short list of essay topics that you are interested in covering. You can either write the topic on your own or get assistance from a student writing service. This article will help you figure out which topics you should put in your essay.Depending on your audience, there are a variety of topics to write about. Perhaps you will be writing a short essay for a class, and the subject matter may focus on different aspects of your academic education. Maybe you are writing an essay for a leadership training course, or for a publication that features top business executives. These are all great topics for your essay, and they can also offer insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the person writing them.The topic of your essay can go as deep as you would like, but you don't want to force your topic onto the reader. If you just set the paper down and walk away from the keyboard, the ch ances of your topic feeling forced are high. As long as the topic is interesting, you will come up with good ideas that will support your essay.Once you have decided on a topic, you should read through the chosen topics list to make sure you have enough to write about. There is no need to start off with a large topic, but if you are writing a personal essay or are editing an essay, you may want to just move your topic around a bit to cover more ground. There is no right or wrong way to approach this. Just make sure that you have enough information in the topic to support your essay.Consider how much information you want to cover in your personal essay or business essay. Will you just want to cover your academic accomplishments? Or do you want to include some funny side notes about your experiences? This is where the topic of your essay can really help you with the content. Just choose a topic that you are interested in covering.Next, write about how you came to have that topic, and also how you came to write about it. You can use this to support any arguments you make in your essay. After you have decided on a topic, you can now determine what kind of resource or essay assistance you will need to help you with your writing. For example, you might have seen an essay assistance company on TV, or you could see a personal writer on the internet.Before you begin, get in touch with the topic you have chosen. Ask to talk with the writer who wrote the essay you want to write, and see if you can chat about it. Sometimes they will have many topics they offer to do, but you will probably only want to choose one. In this case, your main concern is to choose a topic that is interesting.

Modern American vs. Japanese Animation essays

Modern American vs. Japanese Animation essays Modern American and Japanese animation, both have their beauty and distinct features. The American style however has a much crisper and nicer quality to it. Japanese style, or Anime, has a much more sharp and quick quality. The plots of American and Japanese animation also differ from each other. Modern American animation has this nicer, cleaner quality because of the time spent on it and a high budget. This has all been made possible because of one name in particular, Walt Disney. When Walt Disney came on to the animation scene he brought magic to the television and to the silver screen. There are plenty of other names that had an extraordinary effect on the American style of animation, but Disney put the final touches on it. It could be said that he is responsible in making cartoons as popular as it is now. When his first motion picture Snow White and the Seven Dwarves premiered in 1937, the history of animation was changed forever. This movie set the standards for the American style of animation. Snow White and the Seven Dwarves appeared as a cartoon, but gave off a very life-like, natural feel to it. Though one would never a dwarf walking around, Snow White was a very humanly proportioned, and looking character. Disney created very clean, colorful, and lively c haracters that distinguish American style of animation from that of Anime. The strokes of the pen, or lines, that American animations use, are smooth, curvaceous and careful. It gives the images a sense of consistent fluidity. These fluid lines give the characters a more natural, organic feel and look to them. This also allows for a wide range of facial expressions, expressions to those of humans. With smooth curved lines, animators can show happy, sad, angry, surprised, and scared expressions. The results and solutions are endless. American animators have to pay specific attention to detail and make sure they dont leave the slightest thing out. ...